Volcanoes, Eruptions and Earthquakes in New Zealand

Volcanoes of New Zealand

Kermandec Islands (14 volcanoes)

North Island (7 volcanoes)

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Significant volcanic eruptions: New Zealand

In historic times, at least 8 volcanoes have been active in New Zealand, including White Island, Monowai, and Tongariro volcanoes. A total of 223 eruptions have been witnessed and documented since 1814.
The table below lists the most recent volcanic eruptions, significant eruptive episodes or related events in New Zealand since around 2000.

Date	Volcano	VEI	Region	Deaths
2024 May 24 -	White Island	?	Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
2019 Dec 9	White Island 1978/90 Crater Complex	2	Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
2019 Dec 09	White Island	2	Bay of Plenty, New Zealand	22	Info
[...]a brief explosion at 1411 on 9 December 2019 produced an ash plume and pyroclastic surge that impacted the entire crater area. With 47 people on the island at the time, the death toll stood at 21 on 3 Feb 2019. At that time more patients were still in hospitals within New Zealand or their home countries. (ref# 12679) They were honeymooners, families on summer holidays, tourists on once-in-a-lifetime trips and tour guides showing off one of New Zealands most incredible sights. There were 47 of them padding around rocky Whakaari/White Island at 2.11pm on 9 December, when, without warning, it erupted. The volcano, which rises from the sea 50km off the coast of Whakatāne, spewed steam and rock, and shot ash 3.6km into the air, killing at least eight people and injuring a minimum of 31 others. Eight people are missing, and police say there is no sign of survivors on the island. Of the 47 people who were on Whakaari when it blew, 38 were passengers on the cruise ship Ovation of the Seas, which was docked in Tauranga Harbour. (ref #12569) Police say another person has died following the Whakaari / White Island eruption bringing the official toll to 15. It is believed 47 people were on or close to Whakaari / White Island when it erupted on Monday. With two people still missing on or around the island after the eruption, that brings the total number of deaths to 17. (ref #12570) A Workplace Health and Safety investigation into the Whakaari White Island eruption which has killed 16 and left 26 others in hospital could take a year to complete[...]Fourteen people remain in hospitals around New Zealand, 10 of them are in a critical condition. Thirteen patients have been transported to Australia for treatment although one has since died. Sixteen people in total were killed. Two remain missing. (ref #12574) The two people whose bodies were still unrecovered after the eruption at Whakaari have been confirmed dead by the Chief Coroner. The announcement brings the official death toll from the eruption on 9 December to 20 people. Several died of their injuries after being rescued from the island. At the time of the eruption, 47 people were on the island including 38 cruise ship passengers.(ref #12582) Police have confirmed another person has died as a result of injuries suffered in the eruption on 9 December. The announcement brings the official death toll from the eruption to 21 people (ref #12618) Police in New Zealand have confirmed the death of yet another person as a result of the Whakaari/White Island volcanic eruption on 9 December 2019. This death brings the official number of people to die from the tragedy to 22. A further 25 people who were on the island at the time survived, but suffered severe injuries as a result of the burns they received. The death of 64-year-old Horst Westenfelder, a German, occurred on 2 July, but was only confirmed yesterday (Thursday) in an official police statement. It is unclear why police waited more than four months to make the announcement. (ref #12811) Cited references #2432 Venzke, E., R.W. Wunderman, L. McClelland, T. Simkin, J.F. Luhr, L. Siebert, and G. Mayberry (eds.) (2002-): Global Volcanism, 1968 to the Present. Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series, GVP-4 (http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/). #12568 Radio New Zealand (2019): Live: Whakaari / White Island eruption - day 2. Published 09 December 2019. Link #12569 Radio New Zealand (2019): Whakaari / White Island The dead and missing. Link #12570 Radio New Zealand (2019): Whakaari / White Island eruption: Police confirm another death. Published 10:01 pm 14 December 2019 Link #12574 Radio New Zealand (2019): Whakaari eruption: WorkSafe investigation may take a year. Published 16 December 2019. Link #12582 Stuff (New Zealand) (2019): Whakaari/White Island: Official death toll rises to 17. Published 23 December 2019. Link #12613 Radio New Zealand (2020): Whakaari / White Island eruption: two missing people officially listed as dead. Published 23 January 2020. Link #12618 Radio New Zealand (2020): Whakaari/White Island eruption: Death toll rises to 21. Published 29 January 2020. Link #12670 Chapple, G. (New Zealand Geographic) (2020): What Happened on Whakaari? Issue 162, Mar-Apr 2020. Link #12679 Global Volcanism Program (2020): Report on Whakaari/White Island (New Zealand) (Krippner, J.B., and Venzke, E., eds.). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 45:2. Smithsonian Institution. #12811 Australian Times (2020): Whakaari/White Island volcanic eruption death toll now at 22. Published 27 November 2020. Link Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
2016 Sep 13 - Sep 14	White Island 2012 lava dome	1	Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
2016 Apr 27	White Island 1978/90 Crater Complex	1	Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
2014 Oct 16 - Nov 5	Monowai Submarine	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2014 Jan 1	Monowai Summit	1	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2012 Aug 7 - 2013 Oct 11	White Island 1978/90 Crater Complex	2	Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
2012 Nov 21	Tongariro Upper Te Maari Craters	2	North Island, New Zealand
2012 Aug 3 - Aug 19	Monowai Submarine	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2012 Aug 6 - Aug 7	Tongariro Upper Te Maari Craters	2	North Island, New Zealand
2012 Jul 17 - Jul 19	Havre Seamount New cone at edge of summit caldera	1	Kermandec Islands
2011 May 17 - May 22	Monowai Summit Crater	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2009 May 4 ±3 d. - Dec 16 ±4 d.	Monowai	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2008 ±1 y.	Rumble III	0	New Zealand
2008 Feb 8 ?	Monowai	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2006 Dec 12 - 2007 Nov 4 ±3 d.	Monowai	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2007 Sep 25	Ruapehu	1	New Zealand (North Island) 39.28°S / 175.57°E
2006 Oct 4	Ruapehu	1	New Zealand (North Island) 39.28°S / 175.57°E
2005 Mar 2 - 2006 Jun 27	Monowai	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2006 Mar 17	Raoul Island Green Lake crater	1?	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2003 Apr 10 - 2004 Sep 16 ±15 d.	Monowai	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2002 Nov 1 - Nov 24	Monowai	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2002 May 24	Monowai	0	Kermandec Islands, New Zealand
2001 Feb 19	White Island MH vent	2	Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
2000 Mar 7 - Sep 5 ±4 d.	White Island MH vent	3?	Bay of Plenty, New Zealand

Remark:

Our list of volcanic eruptions closely follows the database of eruptions of the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Project (GVP), the internationally most recognized data source for volcanic eruptions, but also includes significant eruptive episodes or related volcano events. "Volcanic eruptions" are usually to be understood as sequences of individual eruptive episodes that can follow each other, or even overlap (if several vents are involved), and can last many years, decades or even longer. For example, the current activity of Stromboli volcano is understood as a single eruption that has been ongoing since 1934.

Sources: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K | Global Volcanism Project / Smithsonian Institution

New Zealand FAQ

+When was the last volcanic eruption in New Zealand?

The last volcanic eruption in New Zealand was from White Island volcano in 2024.

+When was the first documented volcanic eruption in New Zealand?

The first historically documented eruption occurred 1814 from Raoul Island volcano.

+How often do volcanoes in New Zealand erupt?

Volcanoes in New Zealand erupt almost every year. Since the first historically documented eruption 1814in New Zealand, historic sources have shown nearly continuous volcanic activity: The Global Volcanism Project counts 223 historic eruptions until now, spanning a total of 138 out of 211 years. In other words, a volcano in New Zealand is active roughly every one in 1.5 years on average. This value is likely underestimated, because the record of historically documented activity is likely inclomplete the further back in time we look.

+How active are the volcanoes in New Zealand?

New Zealand is volcanically extremely active: Since 1900, at least 8 volcanoes in New Zealand have been active. Almost every year, at least one volcano has erupted in New Zealand. The last volcano to erupt in New Zealand was White Island volcano, which erupted in 2024, 4 months ago.

+When was the largest volcanic eruption in New Zealand?

The largest eruption in New Zealand in historic times was from Okataina (Tarawera) volcano. It occurred in 1886. It ranks as a plinian eruption with a magnitude 5 on the VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) scale. Eruption of this size are often catastrophic on a regional scale.

Latest earthquakes: New Zealand

In the past 7 days, New Zealand was shaken by 1 quake of magnitude 5.1, 13 quakes between 4.0 and 5.0, 40 quakes between 3.0 and 4.0, and 190 quakes between 2.0 and 3.0. There were also 213 quakes below magnitude 2.0 which people don't normally feel.

A Magnitude 3.6 earthquake occurred in Off E. Coast of N. Island, N.Z. .

Magnitude 3.6 Earthquake Off E. Coast of N. Island, N.Z. -

Date and Time	Mag / Depth	Nearest Volcano / Location
Apr 23, 01:01 pm (GMT -12)	4.7 423 km	11 km (6.8 mi) NW of Monowai	New Zealand I FELT IT	Info
Wednesday, April 23, 2025 GMT (1 quake)
Apr 23, 11:48 pm (GMT +12)	4.6 245 km	68 km (42 mi) SW of Clark	South Pacific Ocean, 141 km northeast of Tauranga, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand I FELT IT	Info
Tuesday, April 22, 2025 GMT (1 quake)
Apr 22, 09:25 pm (GMT +11)	4.5 750 km	756 km (470 mi) SW of Taranaki	New Zealand I FELT IT	Info
Saturday, April 19, 2025 GMT (1 quake)
Apr 20, 05:07 am (GMT +13)	4.6 591 km	121 km (75 mi) W of Unnamed 24.8°S/177.02°W	New Zealand I FELT IT	Info
Friday, April 18, 2025 GMT (2 quakes)
Apr 19, 10:03 am (GMT +12)	4.8 33 km	157 km (98 mi) E of Raoul Island	New Zealand I FELT IT	Info
Apr 19, 12:37 am (GMT +12)	5.1 285 km	48 km (30 mi) SW of Havre Seamount	New Zealand I FELT IT	Info

See Recent Quakes

Significant Earthquakes in New Zealand since 1900

The deadliest earthquake in New Zealand since 1900 was the magnitude 7.7 earthquake in

New Zealand, Hawke's Bay on Feb, 2, 1931. It resulted in 261 fatalities and 400 injured people. A tsunami was generated by the quake as well and contributed to its desctuctive effects. The height of the tsunami waves reached 15 m (49 ft). This was the most disastrous quake in New Zealand ever recorded.
A tsunami was generated by the quake as well and contributed to its desctuctive effects. The height of the tsunami waves reached 3.5 m (11 ft). This was the 2nd worst quake in New Zealand during recorded history. 100,000 houses and other buildings were destroyed and an unknown number damaged.

Date	Mag	Region	Deaths	Damage
2011 Feb 21	6.1	Christchurch, Lyttelton	185	catastrophic	Info
1931 Feb 2	7.7	Hawke Bay	261	heavy	Info
1929 Jun 16	7.5	South Island	17	moderate	Info

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K

All Quakes in History

Map

Oldest quakes (until 1960) are shown in yellow, most recent (from 2000) in red.

[quakes -] [quakes +] [smaller] [bigger]

Significant Earthquakes in New Zealand FAQ

+Which was the deadliest earthquake in New Zealand since 1900?

The deadliest earthquake in New Zealand since 1900 was the magnitude 7.7 earthquake in New Zealand, Hawke's Bay on Feb, 2, 1931. It resulted in 261 fatalities and 400 injured people. A tsunami was generated by the quake as well and contributed to its desctuctive effects. The height of the tsunami waves reached 15 m (49 ft). This was the most disastrous quake in New Zealand ever recorded.

+Which was the earthquake that caused most damage in New Zealand since 1900?

The earthquake that caused most damage was the magnitude 6.1 earthquake in New Zealand, Canterbury on Feb, 21, 2011. It caused 185 fatalities and estimated $15 billion US Dollars (today's equivalent) in total economic damage.

+How many people were killed by earthquakes in New Zealand since 1900?

Since 1900, at least 10 earthquakes claimed an estimated total of 473 fatalities in New Zealand.

+How much damage did earthquakes cause in New Zealand since 1900?

There were 40 damaging or deadly quakes during this period that caused economic losses of approx. $28.8 billion US Dollars combined.

Volcano List

Aitutaki

(Shield 124 m / 407 ft)

[more info]

Alderman Islands

(Lava dome(s) unknown)

[more info]

Brothers

(Submarine volcano -1350 m / - 4,429 ft)

[more info]

Clark

(Submarine volcano -860 m / - 2,821 ft)

[more info]

Cole

(Submarine -2400 m / -7874 ft)

[more info]

Giljanes

(Submarine -700 m / -2297 ft)

[more info]

Haungaroa

(Submarine -660 m / -2165 ft)

[more info]

Hautere

(Stratovolcano 330 m / 1083 ft)

[more info]

Healy

(Submarine volcano 980 m / 3,215 ft)

[more info]

Kaimai

(Volcanic field 564 m / 1850 ft)

[more info]

Kaitake

(Stratovolcano 684 m / 2244 ft)

[more info]

Kakepuku

(Lava cone(s) 450 m / 1476 ft)

[more info]

Kapenga

(Caldera(s) 840 m / 2756 ft)

[more info]

Karioi

(Stratovolcano 756 m / 2480 ft)

[more info]

Kibblewhite

(Submarine -1000 m / -3281 ft)

[more info]

Kuiwai

(Submarine -560 m / -1837 ft)

[more info]

Little Barrier

(Stratovolcano 722 m / 2369 ft)

[more info]

Mangakino

(Caldera 1165 m / 3822 ft)

[more info]

Maroa

(Calderas 1156 m / 3,793 ft)

[more info]

Mayor Island

(Shield volcano 355 m / 1,165 ft)

[more info]

Mercury Islands

(Volcanic field 230 m / 755 ft)

[more info]

Mokohinau Islands

(Volcanic field 134 m / 440 ft)

[more info]

Moutohora Island

(Complex 354 m / 1161 ft)

[more info]

Ngatoroirangi

(Submarine -340 m / -1115 ft)

[more info]

Northern Tongariro Group

(Stratovolcano(es) 1327 m / 4354 ft)

[more info]

Okataina (Tarawera)

(Lava domes 1111 m / 3,645 ft)

Mount Tarawera, located 24 km SE of Rotorua, is the main vent of the Okataina volcanic complex. Tarawera produced one of New Zealand's largest historic eruptions in 1886, when a violent explosive basaltic eruption occurred that killed an estimated 120 people. The fissures that op... [more info]

Oliver-Speight

(Submarine -1840 m / -6037 ft)

[more info]

Pirongia

(Stratovolcano 959 m / 3146 ft)

[more info]

Pouakai

(Stratovolcano 1399 m / 4590 ft)

[more info]

Rapuhia

(Submarine -650 m / -2133 ft)

[more info]

Rarotonga

(Shield 639 m / 2096 ft)

[more info]

Reporoa

(Caldera 592 m / 1,942 ft)

[more info]

Rotorua

(Caldera 757 m / 2,484 ft)

[more info]

Rumble I

(Submarine -1100 m / -3609 ft)

[more info]

Rumble II East

(Submarine -1150 m / -3773 ft)

[more info]

Rumble II West

(Submarine volcano 1200 m / 3,937 ft)

[more info]

Rumble III

(Submarine volcano -220 m / - 722 ft)

[more info]

Rumble IV

(Submarine volcano 500 m / 1,640 ft)

[more info]

Rumble V

(Submarine volcano 400? m / 1,312 ft)

[more info]

Rungapapa Knoll

(Submarine unknown)

[more info]

Silent II East

(Submarine -1250 m / -4101 ft)

[more info]

Silent II West

(Submarine -780 m / -2559 ft)

[more info]

Solander Island

(Stratovolcano 300 m / 984 ft)

[more info]

Sonne

(Submarine -995 m / -3264 ft)

[more info]

South Auckland

(Shield(s) 314 m / 1030 ft)

[more info]

South Coromandel Peninsula

(Volcanic field 795 m / 2608 ft)

[more info]

Tangaroa

(Submarine volcano 600 m / 1,968 ft)

[more info]

Taupo

(Caldera 760 m / 2,493 ft)

[more info]

Thompson

(Submarine -1250 m / -4101 ft)

[more info]

Whale Island

(Complex volcano 354 m / 1,161 ft)

[more info]

White Island

(stratovolcano 321 m / 1,053 ft)

Inside the crater of White Island volcano

White Island in the Bay of Plenty ca. 50 km off the North Island's east coast is one of New Zealands most active volcanoes, well known for its spectacular crater with strong hydrothermal activity and sulphur deposits. It is part of the active Taupo volcanic zone and last erupted ... [more info]

Yokosuka

(Submarine -1060 m / -3478 ft)

[more info]

Auckland Field

(volcanic field 260 m / 853 ft)

Rangitoto Island, part of the Auckland volcanic field, formed about 600 years ago during the largest eruption of the Auckland Field. View is from top of Mt Eden - an old crater close to the center of Auckland.

The Auckland Volcanic Field directly underlies the largest city of New Zealand and consists of more than 50 basaltic cones, maars and lava flows. It covers an elliptical area of 29 (N-S) x 16.5 (E-W) km and has been active for the past 140,000 years, during which is has produced ... [more info]

Kaikohe-Bay of Islands

(volcanic field 388 m / 1,273 ft)

Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcano is a volcanic field at the upper end of the Northland Peninsula about 190 km NNW of Auckland. It contains about 30 craters and vents, mainly basaltic cinder cones, small shield volcanoes and lava plateaus.
The last eruptions occurred about 150... [more info]

Ngauruhoe

(Stratovolcano 1978 m (6,489 ft))

Ngauruhoe volcano seen from Tongariro; Ruhapehu volcano in the background.

Ngauruhoe (pronouned "Nauruhó"), a steep 600 m tall stratovolcano 17 km NNE of Ruhapehu volcano, is the main vent of Tongariro volcano and one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes. Its last eruptive phase in 1975-77 produced violent ash explosions, lava fountains and pyroclasti... [more info]

Ruapehu

(Stratovolcano 2797 m / 9,176 ft)

Ruhapehu volcano

Ruapehu is one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes and forms the highest peak of the North Island. The andesitic stratovolcano has an age of around 200,000 years and contains a large summit crater containing a lake. Eruptions from the vent inside the lake often cause the lake ... [more info]

Taranaki

(stratovolcano 2518 m / 8,261 ft)

Snow-covered Taranaki volcano (image: Bastian Steinke)

Taranaki (Egmont) volcano is an isolated steep andesitic stratovolcano located in the SW part of the North Island of New Zealand. It is the second highest peak on the North Island and one of the most active volcanoes in New Zealand and has last erupted in 1854. [more info]

Tongariro

(complex volcano 1978 m / 6,490 ft)

Tongariro volcano is a large complex volcano with about 12 craters and vents, including the steep stratovolcano Ngauruhoe, which is the focus of most activity in recent times.
Tongariro with its colorful crater lakes, hot springs, fumaroles, n... [more info]

Whangarei

(cinder cones 397 m / 1,302 ft)

Whangarei volcano (named after the nearby town of Whangarei) is a group of cinder cones and lava flows. Their age is not well known, and could be as between less than 10,000 and up to about 30,000 years ago. [more info]

Curtis Island

(Submarine volcano 137 m / 449 ft)

[more info]

Gamble

(Submarine -900 m / -2953 ft)

[more info]

Giggenbach

(Submarine volcano -65 m / - 213 ft)

[more info]

Havre Seamount

(submarine volcano unknown (around 3,000 ft / 1000 m below surface))

Havre Seamount is an active submarine volcano in the Kermandec Island arc about 75 SW of Curtis island. Little is known about the volcano. Its first document eruption probably started around 18 July 2012 and was discovered in August 2012 after a large pumice raft was discovered i... [more info]

Hinepuia

(Submarine -850 m / -2789 ft)

[more info]

Hinetapeka

(Submarine -140 m / -459 ft)

[more info]

Macauley

(Caldera 238 m / 781 ft)

[more info]

Monowai

(submarine volcano -132 m / - 433 ft)

Map view shows Monowai submarine volcano at the lower left, with subsidiary cones on its northern flank. A large submarine caldera lies at the upper right lies to the NE. The contour interval is 100 meters, and the resolution of the bathymetry data is 25 meters. The proprietary bathymetry data were obtained by scientists of the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) during a 2005 New Zealand/American NOAA Ocean Explorer research expedition to the Kermadec-Tonga arc. Image courtesy of Ian Wright, 2005 (NIWA; http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05fire)

Monowai seamount (also known as Orion seamount) is one of the most active volcanoes of the Kermancec Arc. It has a large submarine caldera and is located halfway between Tonga and the Kermadec Islands. Eruptions at Monowai occur every few years. [more info]

Putoto

(Submarine -260 m / -853 ft)

[more info]

Rakahore

(Submarine -640 m / -2100 ft)

[more info]

Raoul Island

(stratovolcano 516 m / 1,693 ft)

Raoul Island volcano is the northernmost, largest and best known of the Kermandec islands NE of New Zealand.
The anvil shaped 10 x 6 km wide island is the top of a large stratovolcano breaching the sea surface. At its submarine base, the volcano measures 35 x 20 km. The vo... [more info]

Volcano OP

(Submarine -875 m / -2871 ft)

[more info]

Volcano Q

(Submarine -1200 m / -3937 ft)

[more info]

Volcano W

(Submarine volcanoes -900? m / - 2,953 ft)

[more info]

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Latest news:

Wed, 23 Apr 2025, 23:00

White Island Volcano Volcanic Ash Advisory: ERUPTION AT 20250423/0930Z MINOR LOW-LEVEL ERUPTION HAS LESSENED OVERNIGHT AND THIS MORNING to 5000 ft (1500 m)

Wed, 23 Apr 2025, 14:00

Whakaari/White Island volcano (New Zealand) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 16 April-22 April 2025 (New Activity / Unrest)

On 17 April GeoNet reported that during the previous few months gas-and-steam emissions at Whakaari/White Island more frequently contained ash. The webcams located at Whakatane and Te Kaha recorded an increase in ash content in the emissions during the last few weeks and minor amounts of ash were identified in satellite data as reported by the Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). A hazy plume drifting downwind was visible from the mainland coast. ... Read all