Full glossary

El Negrillar (Negros de Aras) is a group of cinder cones and andesitic lava flows in northern Chile about 20 km north of Socompa volcano. The age of volcanic activity from the field is unknown. The major Holocene debris avalanche from Socompa volcano overlies (= is younger than) some youthful-looking lava flows at the western margin of the El Negrillar field.
Note: A volcano called La Negrillar is located nearaby.

El Solo volcano is large stratovolcano in Argentina at the border with northern Chile and west of Nevados del Ojos de Salado and SE of Tres Cruces volcano.
Is comprises 9 eruptive centers. The age of its last eruptions is unknown, but was during the Holocene (less than 11,700 years ago), when it produced thick rhyodacitic pyroclastic-flow deposits that fill adjacent valleys.

El Tatio is one of the most impressive thermal areas of the Andes. The geothermal field is located in northern Chile within a depression east of a chain of older volcanoes, Cerro Deslinde, Cerro Volcán, Cerros del Tatio, and Volcán Tatio.
The Hoyada de Los Geisers del Tatio geothermal field covers 30 sq km and contains 85 fumaroles and solfataras, 62 hot springs, 40 geysers, 5 mud volcanoes, and extensive sinter terraces. It is the world's third largest geyser field and the largest geothermal area in the southern hemisphere.
It has been tried to install geothermal energy plants, but the remoteness of the area and difficulty in providing infrastructure prohibited its development.

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El Valle volcano is a (perhaps still active) stratovolcano 80 km SW of Panama City. The volcano has a broad shape and is cut by the 6 km wide El Valle de Antón caldera, which formed about 56,000 years ago.
Lava domes that grew inside the caldera include the Cerro Pajita, Cerro Gaital, and Cerro Caracoral dome complex.

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Elbrus volcano is a large stratovolcano in the western Caucasus of SW Russia. It is the highest mountain of Europe (although some argue that it belongs already to Asia) and the highest volcano of the northern hemisphere.
Elbrus has not erupted for about 2000 years, but is considered an active volcano. There is weak solfataric activity near the summit and hot springs are present on the volcano's flanks.

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The "Emperor of China" is an questionable submarine volcano in the western part of the Banda Sea and rises 1500 m above the sea floor. The mountain has a flat shield shape and there are unconfirmed reports about possible eruptions in 1927 and before 1927. (Source: GVP)

Endut volcano is one of a complex of 3 closely located old stratovolcanoes known as the Perbakti-Gagak or Kiaraberes-Gagak volcanic complex situated immediately SW of Salak volcano and near Bogor town. The 3 volcanoes of the group are, from S to N, Gunung Endut (1474 m), Gunung Perbakti (1699 m), and Gunung Gagak (1511 m).

The point on the Earth's surface vertically above the point (focus or hypocenter) in the crust where an earthquake occurs, i.e. where the seismic rupture nucleates.

Erciyes Dağ or Erciyes Dagi volcano is a massive, eroded stratovolcano that dominates the northern end of the Sultansazligi Basin in central Anatolia. It covers an area of about 1300 sq km.

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Mount Erebus stratovolcano is the highest and most active volcano of Antarctica, one of the Volcanic Seven Summits, and the largest of 4 volcanoes that form the roughly triangular Ross Island (Mt Erebus, and the extinct Mt. Bird to the north, Mt. Terra Nova and Mt. Terror to the east).
Hut Point Peninsula to the south is the location of McMurdo Station (the main US base) and Scott Base (the main New Zealand base).
Mount Erebus volcano, located on the western half of Ross Island, Antarctica, is the world's southernmost historically active volcano and famous for its active boiling lava lake.
Its summit temperature averages between -20 (summer) and -50 deg C (winter) and it is covered by glaciers. It was discovered by explorer Caption James Ross in 1841 and climbed 1908 by members of Ernest Shackleton's expedition. Since then it was visited only very rarely in the following 100 years.

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Cerro Escorial volcano is a small andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano in northern Chile on the border with Argentina. The volcano contains a 1 km wide well-preserved summit crater of possible Holocene age. There are young-looking lava flows mostly towards the Chilean side, but they are probably more than 300,000 years old.
A large sulfur mine active until around 1978, La Casualidad or Mina Julia, is located 4 km SW of the volcano in an area of extensive hydrothermal alteration. A present, the volcano has warm springs (frozen at the surface), mud vents, and fumaroles, suggesting that the volcano is still active.

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The subglacial Esjufjöll volcano at the SE part of the Vatnajökull icecap, north of Öræfajökull volcano, may contain a central caldera. A minor eruption in 1927 that produced a large jökulhlaup is the only known historical activity from Esjufjöll.

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Esteli volcano is a group of young fissure vents, cones and lava flows located 36 km south of Honduras in the northern interior highlands between the town of Estelí and the border. The volcanic center is not on the main volcanic front of Nicaragua, but 70 km NE of the main volcanic arc.
Some of the lava flows and cones near Esteli town could be less than 10,000 years old.

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Etna is Europe's largest and most active volcano. Etna is famous for its frequent spectacular lava eruptions, most of which, however, do not pose danger for the population.
On Sicily itself, Etna is also called "Mongibello".

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Explosive eruptions occur, when the erupting magma is ejected as fragments into the air, as opposed to effusive eruptions producing lava flows.

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Eyafjallajökull volcano (its name meaning Island-Mountain under a glacier) under the small homonymous glacier in southern Iceland erupted spectacularly on 20 March 2010, after having been dormant for almost 200 years. During its most violent phase, the subglacial eruption produced large ash plumes that drifted over Europe and forced an unprecedented closure of airspace over most of Europe for several days in mid April 2010.

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Nearly 200 scoria cones dot the "waist" of Sao Miguel Island between Sete Cidades and Agua de Pau volcanoes.

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Falso Azufre volcano is a volcanic complex on the Chile/ Argentina border. The 15 km long complex contains overlapping craters and lava domes. The western part contains the highest peak, Cerro Falso Azufre.

Fantale (also spelled Fantalle, Fentale, or Fantala) is a large stratovolcano in the Ethiopian Rift Valley west of Lake Awash. It contains a large spectacular summit caldera.
Fantale's historic eruptions produced lava flows that descended to the east side into the valley and lake Awash. An eruption during the 13th century destroyed a town and church located south of the volcano. In 1820, a 4 km long fissure eruption occured on the east flank and sent basaltic lava flows both into the caldera and outside, reaching the bottom of the Rift valley.

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A fault is a fracture in the rigid crust of the earth, along which the two blocks on either side have moved relative to each other and often may do so again in the future. When blocks move along a fault, tectonic earthquakes are generated.

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The island of Fayal, also spelled Faial, is the nearest of the central Azorean islands to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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Feldspars are a group of closely related rock-forming silicate minerals that are by far the most common in the earth's crust, making up about 41% of its weight.
Feldspar is the most common mineral formed during crystallization of magmas and almost always present in magmatic rocks.
Chemically, the feldspar minerals primarily bind varying proportions of the most common light elements potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminum (Al) ions, into a crystal lattice of silica (Si) ions.

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A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure or simply fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts.

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Flores Island and Corvo Island to its north are located far west of the rest of the Azores islands and are the only two Azorean volcanoes lying west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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Foreshocks are smaller earthquakes that precede the largest earthquake in a series, which is termed the mainshock. Not all earthquakes arre preceded by foreshocks.

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Fort Selkirk is a volcanic field near the junction of the Yukon and Pelly rivers in central Yukon. It is the northernmost young volcanic field in Canada.
The volcano consists of large valley-filling lava flows and 3 cinder cones.
The volcanic field developed at the intersection of two prominent fault lines, one running east-west, marked by the Pelly River and the lower Yukon River, and the other one NW-SE, defined by the upper Yukon River.
The first activity of the volcanic field were effusive, valley-filling eruptions of fluid basalt lava, followed by the construction of 3 cinder cones during strombolian-type eruptions and related emplacement of viscous aa lava flows.

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Fossils are the mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms.

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The Four Craters lava field, along with Devils Garden and Squaw Ridge, is the SE-most of a group of 3 basaltic lava fields SE of Newberry volcano in the High Lava Plains of central Oregon.
The Four Craters lava field contains 4 spatter cones along a 4-km-long NW-SE-trending line. The NW-most and highest cone has a well-preserved crater rim. The other 3 cones are breached to the west, SW, and south, respectively. The age of the Four Craters lava field is unknown, but probably similar to that of Squaw Ridge and Devils Garden, i.e. most likely about 10-20,000 years ago.

Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. It typically has strombolian activity and sometimes phases of intense lava fountaining, producing tall ash plumes and dangerous pyroclastic flows.

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Fueguino (Volcán Cook) volcano is the southernmost active volcano of South America's Andes, located on Isla Cook. It is 400 km away from the nearest other active volcano, Monte Burney to the NW.
The volcano consists of lava domes and cinder cones. A strombolian eruption was observed in 1820.

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Pleistocene and Holocene cinder cones and lava flows cover large portions of elongated Fuerteventura Island at the SE end of the Canary Islands.

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Fukue (or Fukue-jima) volcano is a group of basaltic shield volcanoes and cinder cones on Fukue island off the western coast of Kyushu, Japan.
The volcanoes are 900,000 years old and last erupted about 2-3000 years ago. They are considered to be active.
The On-dake cinder cone forms the highest point of the volcanic field, which forms peninsulas at the eastern and SE tips of Fukue Island as well as several smaller islands SE of Fukue.

Fukujin volcano is one of the largest seamounts of the Marianas arc in Japan's Volcano Island chain. It sometimes has risen to above surface during eruptions creating temporary new islands. Water discoloration and floating pumice above the submarine volcano have been observed frequently.

Fukutoku-Okanoba is a submarine volcano 5 km NE of the small pyramidal island Minami-iwo-jima in the Japanese Volcano Island chain. Eruptions and submarine hydrothermal activity often cause water discoloration in the area, and during eruptions, the volcano has built several temporary new islands. The first observation of a new island was in 1904-05 when it formed Shin-Iwo-jima ("New Sulfur Island"). Small new islands were also formed during the eruptions in 1914 and 1986.

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Furnas volcano lies at the eastern end of Sao Miguel Island, immediately west of the older Nordeste shield volcano and its Povoaçao caldera.

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Fuss Peak is an isolated andesitic stratovolcano on southern Paramushir Island, Kuril Islands. The volcano rises almost 3000 m from the sea floor and forms a peninsula of Paramushir connected to it by a low isthmus.
The volcano contains a 700 m wide and 300 m deep crater, with a deep gully cutting its NW rim and forming a canyon down to the coast. Fresh-looking lava flows are on the E and SE flanks.
The last confirmed historic activity was in 1854.

Gagak belongs to the Perbakti-Gagak or Kiaraberes-Gagak volcanic complex near Bogor, immediately SW of Salak volcano.
The 3 volcanoes of the group are, from S to N, Gunung Endut (1474 m), Gunung Perbakti (1699 m), and Gunung Gagak (1511 m).
Gunung Gagak lies to the NW of the group and is known for its large pumice and obsidian deposit at the summit, and obsidian lava flows extending to the north and NE.

Galeras is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes. In an eruption in 1993, it killed a group of scientists and tourists who had been inside its crater when it erupted.

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Gallego volcano is a group of eroded cones covering a large part of the NW end of Guadalcanal Island. Mount Esperance, a small but well-preserved andesitic cone is said by to have been active less than 2000 years ago, according to local traditions. It is possible, however that these refer to eruptions of the younger Savo volcano.

Galunggung volcano about 100 km SE of West Java's capital Bandung had its last major eruption in 1982, when ash plumes reached 20 km.

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Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-perfect conical stratovolcano that forms the entire island of Ternate off the western coast of Halmahera. It is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes.

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Garbuna volcano (officially named Krummel-Garbuna-Welcker volcano) lies at the southern end of the Willaumez Peninsula, New Britain. It is part of a basaltic-to-dacitic volcano group consisting of 3 volcanic peaks, Krummel, Garbuna, and Welcker.
Garbuna volcano erupted on 17 October 2005 after having been dormant for almost 1800 years.

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Mt Garibaldi volcano at the head of Howe Sound, 66 km north of Vancouver in SW British Columbia is probably Canada's best-known volcano and part of the active Cascades Range. It is a young stratovolcano capped by a complex of lava domes. Its most recent eruptions occurred at the Opal Cone on the SE flank ca. 8000 years ago and produced the Ring Creek lava flow.

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Garibaldi Lake is a group of 9 small small andesitic stratovolcanoes and basaltic-andesite cones located 70 km north of Vancouverin SW British Columbia, Canada. The most recent eruptions occurred from Clinker Peak probably around 10,000 years ago.

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